The spleen is an important peripheral organ of the sanguification and immune defense. Morphological changes in the organ occur under the influence of biotic and abiotic factors of the environment, living conditions, anthropogenic loading.

The revue summarizes the results of studies on the biological functions of lactobacilli as constituents of the normal microflora of the digestive tract of animals. Download free the weathering magazine issue 01 pdf 2017. The review includes the following topics: digestive disorders in newborn calves; the effect of normal lactoflora on the macro-organism; adhesion of lactobacilli on intestinal epithelial cells; effect of lactobacilli on the immune response of the organism; antagonistic properties of lactobacilli; production of biologically active substances by lactobacilli. There are analyzed the main causes of changes in the intestinal microbiocenosis in young animals, including primary and secondary immune deficiencies, decreased colostral immunity, impaired feeding and rearing of mother and offspring, vaccination.

Lactobacilli are widely used as a basis for probiotic products, and the search for new highly effective strains isolated from the digestive tract of young animals is an urgent task for microbiologists. Novel probiotic Lactobacilli strains should possess a number of properties including the ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial mucosa and colonize the intestine or the corresponding target organ, the capability to sustain synthesis of antimicrobial substances, active against pathogenic microorganisms, the storage stability under conventional conditions, the clinically proven health benefits. There is discussed the role of the main operating factor in an antagonistic action of lactobacilli − production of bacteriocins, lactocins, lantibiotics and other antibiotic like substances. The possible mechanisms of the immunostimulatory and anticancerogenic effect of lactobacilli are discussed. When using genetically modified strains of lactobacilli as constituents of probiotic preparations, an extreme caution needs to be exercised to limit their introduction into the environment.

It is known that cadmium has the ability to supersede biometals from the protein structures, inhibits the catalytic properties of the enzymes, depresses innate immunity factors, exacerbates the infectious process. The aim of this work was to explore the dynamics of the specific antibodies synthesis in M.bovis infected rabbits and the impact of intoxication with low doses of cadmium chloride on it. Materials and methods. The animals were divided into 4 groups, three rabbits each. The chronic intoxication was caused by using cadmium chloride the aqueous solution of which was administered orally to rabbits of groups 1 and 3 daily for 60 days in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg.

The animals of groups 2 and 4 received placebo. After 14 days from the beginning of the experiment rabbits of groups 2 and 3 were infected with M.bovis Bovinus-8. The antibody genesis dynamics was determined using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on home-made antigens and multiplex immunoassay. The diagnostic significance of the antigens was confirmed by analytical electrophoresis and immunoblot.

The antibody response of infected animals (group 2) was detected since the 14th day after inoculation.Thus level of serum antibodies was stable until the end of the observation period (42 days), and the optical density reached 1.177 OD with M.bovis Bovinus-8 cell extract and 0.238 OD with their secondary metabolites. There was a specific antibody synthesis delay of up to 28-42 days in rabbits infected after preliminary intoxication (group 3). ELISA results of uninfected animals (groups 1 and 4) did not exceed 0.179 OD and 0.078 OD for those antigens, respectively. Using multiplex immunoassay it was established that the production of specific antibodies in M.bovis infected rabbits (group 2) was started on the 7th day, reaching the maximum values (greater than 50.000 RLU) on days 21-42.The evident suppression of antibody genesis observed in the group 3, when the maximum values did not exceed 9.000 RLU. The signals did not exceed the average background level (500 RLU) in rabbits of groups 1 and 4. It was found that cadmium chloride intoxication leads to inhibition of specific antibody production in M.bovis infected rabbits what was demonstrated by multiplex immunoassay and ELISA.