Color Vision Introduction The eye’s ability to perceive color is determined by the sensitivity of “cones” in the back of the retina which distinguish different wavelengths of light. There are three types of cones: red, green and blue. These three types of cones work by combining the three primary color, much like a video projector. Wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum progress from the shorter violet colors, through the intermediate blue, green and yellow frequencies to the longer orange and red wavelengths. Not all individuals are born with the ability to perceive differences in color for wavelengths of light. Individuals with substandard color vision detection ability are termed color deficient. Men are ten times more susceptible to color vision deficiencies than women are (8% vs.0.8%).

Examiners shall certify at the time of designation, re-designation, or upon request that they possess (and maintain as necessary) the equipment specified. Standard Snellen Test. Types for visual acuity (both near and distant) and appropriate eye lane. FAA Form 8500-1, Near Vision Acuity Test Card may be used for near and intermediate vision. Jan 31, 2012 - EQUIPMENT. EDITION PLATES. Pseudoisochromatic plates.

Color Vision Issues in Aviation The aviation environment has some phases which require reliance on the ability to detect differences in color for adequate performance. Some of these environments include night flying with the requirement to distinguish red and green position locating lights on aircraft, LED readouts on the instrumentation and warning lights in the cockpit. Additionally, both day and night flight require the ability to distinguish airport tower beacons and lighting from hazardous towers and other obstructions to flight.

In the absence of radio communications, the ability to distinguish colored light gun signals from air traffic control tower is necessary for the safe movement of aircraft around that airport. For these reasons, the FAA requires color vision standards to be documented on each FAA medical application. Aviators unable to pass the FAA mandated tests may have restrictions placed on their medical certificate. The military also has strict color vision standards.

The USAFSAM Color Vision Waiver Guide documents fatal transportation accidents due to color vision deficiencies. The Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB conducted research on the effect of high G exposure on color vision. The reports concluded that the small part of the aviation population with color vision deficiencies will have those deficiencies exacerbate in high G environments. They also concluded that color combinations of objects with similar luminescence should be avoided in displays for high G aircraft. Causes of Color Vision Deficiencies Most cases of color deficiency are inherited, and therefore, determined at birth. Rarely, disease conditions can lead to deteriorations in the ability to detect certain colors.

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Additionally, some medications can lead to disturbances in color vision, such as Viagra and some cardiac medications. Some antibiotics, malaria preventing drugs, diuretics and barbiturates may also alter color vision. Finally, laser “hits” on the retina may place pilots at risk for acquired loss of color vision. Because the gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome, color deficiencies are more frequently found in men than in women. Color vision deficiencies are a genetically recessive trait, meaning that if at least one gene for color vision is normal, the individual will have normal color vision.

Because men have a single X chromosome and women have two X chromosomes, men are much more likely to be color deficient that women. About 8% of Caucasian males carry such a trait. Contrary to popular belief, most of these individuals are not “color blind”, rather their perception of color varies from normal individuals.

These individual might be called “color weak”. Individuals with normal vision may simulate these altered color perceptions by looking through colored glasses, which is why sunglasses should be a neutral color. (See the AMAS article on Optimum Vision and Eye Protection).

An extremely rare condition called “monochomatism” leaves an individual with the absence of color sensation. Monochromats view colors similar to the perception from a black and white television. Certain diseases are associated with color vision deficiencies. These include inflammation of the optic nerve, glaucoma, cataracts, multiple sclerosis, central serous retinopathy, cataracts and toxicity from drugs or poisons. Yellowing of the lens of the eye with age may also alter color perception. This is nature’s form of the “Blue Blocker” sunglasses, which are not recommended for pilots.

Types of Color Vision Deficiencies There are two basic types of color deficiency. Those who are “color weak” are called trichromats, as they have cones in the retina to see all three primary colors. Trichromats simply have a relatively fewer number of cones for one type of color. They usually can pass the FAA color light gun test, even if they have not met standards on other types of color vision testing done in a clinical setting. An individual with the second type of color deficiency is called a “dichromat”. These individuals have a complete absence of cones perceiving one of the primary colors.