Visual C++ and MFC Programming. Visual C++ and MFC Fundamentals Table of Contents.

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C Programming is an ANSI/ISO standard and powerful programming language for developing real time applications. C programming language was invented by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972. It was invented for implementing UNIX operating system. C is most widely used programming language even today. All other programming languages were derived directly or indirectly from C programming concepts. This tutorial explains all basic concepts in C like history of C language, data types, keywords, constants, variables, operators, expressions, control statements, array, pointer, string, library functions, structures and unions etc. C – Command line arguments: main() function of a C program accepts arguments from command line or from other shell scripts by following commands.

In real time application, it will happen to pass arguments to the main program itself. These arguments are passed to the main () function while executing binary file from command line. C – Variable length argument: Variable length arguments in C programming are an advanced concept offered by C99 standard. In C89 standard, fixed arguments only can be passed to the functions. When a function gets the number of arguments that changes at run time, we can go for a variable length arguments. It is denoted as (3 dots).

List of inbuilt functions in C programming: 1. C – Arithmetic functions: Inbuilt C programming functions which are used to perform mathematical operations in a program are called Arithmetic functions. Example program for abs(), floor(), round(), ceil(), sqrt(), exp(), log(), sin(), cos(), tan(), pow() and trunc() functions are. 2. C – Int, char validation functions: There are many inbuilt functions in C language which are used to validate the data type of given variable and to convert upper to lower case and lower to upper case are given below with description. 3. C – Buffer manipulation function: Buffer manipulation functions in C programming work on the address of the memory block rather than the values inside the address. Example programs for memset(), memcpy(), memmove(), memcmp(), memicmp() and memchr() functions are. 4. C – Time related functions: Time functions in C are used to interact with system time routine and formatted time outputs are displayed. Example programs for the time functions are. 5. C – Dynamic memory allocation: The process of allocating memory during program execution is called dynamic memory allocation. C language offers 4 dynamic memory allocation functions.

They are, malloc(), calloc(), realloc() and free(). 6. C – type casting functions: Typecasting concept in C language is used to modify a variable from one date type to another data type.  New data type should be mentioned before the variable name or value in brackets which to be typecast. 7. C – Miscellaneous functions: Descriptions and example programs for C environment functions such as getenv(), setenv(), putenv() and other functions perror(), random() and delay() are. C – Structure: C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and each element in a C structure is called member. If you want to access structure members in C, structure variable should be declared.

C – Typedef: Typedef is a keyword that is used to give a new symbolic name for the existing name in a C program. This is same like defining alias for the commands. C – Union: C Union is also like structure, i.e. Collection of different data types which are grouped together. Each element in a union is called member. Union and structure in C are same in concepts, except allocating memory for their members. C – Preprocessor directives: Before a C program is compiled in a compiler, source code is processed by a program called preprocessor.